Toll-like receptor 9
The TLR9 gene encodes a receptor of bacterial DNA located in endosomes. The discrimination between self and bacterial is based on the absence of methylated CpG dinucleotides in bacterial DNA.
Genetests:
Related Diseases:
References:
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Imaeda AB et al. (2009) Acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice is dependent on Tlr9 and the Nalp3 inflammasome.
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Honda K et al. (2005) Spatiotemporal regulation of MyD88-IRF-7 signalling for robust type-I interferon induction.
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Cunningham-Rundles C et al. (2006) TLR9 activation is defective in common variable immune deficiency.
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4. |
Lee J et al. (2006) Maintenance of colonic homeostasis by distinctive apical TLR9 signalling in intestinal epithelial cells.
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5. |
Bhan U et al. (2007) TLR9 is required for protective innate immunity in Gram-negative bacterial pneumonia: role of dendritic cells.
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6. |
Hoarau C et al. (2007) TLR9 activation induces normal neutrophil responses in a child with IRAK-4 deficiency: involvement of the direct PI3K pathway.
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7. |
Asagiri M et al. (2008) Cathepsin K-dependent toll-like receptor 9 signaling revealed in experimental arthritis.
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8. |
Samuelsson C et al. (2008) Survival of lethal poxvirus infection in mice depends on TLR9, and therapeutic vaccination provides protection.
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9. |
Ito T et al. (2009) TLR9 regulates the mycobacteria-elicited pulmonary granulomatous immune response in mice through DC-derived Notch ligand delta-like 4.
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10. |
Babiuk S et al. (2004) TLR9-/- and TLR9+/+ mice display similar immune responses to a DNA vaccine.
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11. |
O'Neill SK et al. (2009) Endocytic sequestration of the B cell antigen receptor and toll-like receptor 9 in anergic cells.
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12. |
Zhang Q et al. (2010) Circulating mitochondrial DAMPs cause inflammatory responses to injury.
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13. |
Kubarenko AV et al. (2010) A naturally occurring variant in human TLR9, P99L, is associated with loss of CpG oligonucleotide responsiveness.
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14. |
Park B et al. (2011) Granulin is a soluble cofactor for toll-like receptor 9 signaling.
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15. |
Oka T et al. (2012) Mitochondrial DNA that escapes from autophagy causes inflammation and heart failure.
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16. |
Ohto U et al. (2015) Structural basis of CpG and inhibitory DNA recognition by Toll-like receptor 9.
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17. |
Xu L et al. (2019) TLR9 signaling in fibroblastic reticular cells regulates peritoneal immunity.
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18. |
Sato A et al. (2006) Dual recognition of herpes simplex viruses by TLR2 and TLR9 in dendritic cells.
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19. |
Du X et al. (2000) Three novel mammalian toll-like receptors: gene structure, expression, and evolution.
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20. |
Chuang TH et al. (2000) Cloning and characterization of a sub-family of human toll-like receptors: hTLR7, hTLR8 and hTLR9.
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21. |
Kadowaki N et al. (2001) Subsets of human dendritic cell precursors express different toll-like receptors and respond to different microbial antigens.
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22. |
Yang K et al. (2005) Human TLR-7-, -8-, and -9-mediated induction of IFN-alpha/beta and -lambda Is IRAK-4 dependent and redundant for protective immunity to viruses.
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23. |
Ewald SE et al. (2008) The ectodomain of Toll-like receptor 9 is cleaved to generate a functional receptor.
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24. |
Guiducci C et al. (2010) TLR recognition of self nucleic acids hampers glucocorticoid activity in lupus.
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25. |
Baumann CL et al. (2010) CD14 is a coreceptor of Toll-like receptors 7 and 9.
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26. |
Phelan JD et al. (2018) A multiprotein supercomplex controlling oncogenic signalling in lymphoma.
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27. |
Hasan M et al. (2008) Defective Toll-like receptor 9-mediated cytokine production in B cells from Bruton's tyrosine kinase-deficient mice.
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28. |
Sasai M et al. (2010) Bifurcation of Toll-like receptor 9 signaling by adaptor protein 3.
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29. |
Hemmi H et al. (2000) A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA.
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30. |
Verthelyi D et al. (2001) Human peripheral blood cells differentially recognize and respond to two distinct CPG motifs.
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31. |
Takeshita F et al. (2001) Cutting edge: Role of Toll-like receptor 9 in CpG DNA-induced activation of human cells.
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32. |
Leadbetter EA et al. (2002) Chromatin-IgG complexes activate B cells by dual engagement of IgM and Toll-like receptors.
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33. |
Latz E et al. (2004) TLR9 signals after translocating from the ER to CpG DNA in the lysosome.
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34. |
Takeshita F et al. (2004) Transcriptional regulation of the human TLR9 gene.
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Update: June 23, 2025